By CHRIS ECKARD and JONAS SHAFFER
BURTONSVILLE, Md. (December 02, 2011)—From what he remembers, and it isn't much, Cameron Williams was cold.
On a steaming autumn day last year in Burtonsville, the 13-year-old shivered as he walked back to his Unity Thunder football team's huddle, barely able to keep his eyes open. Dizzy, he'd been hit hard - really hard - twice that game.
His head ached for relief, but he knew how football players were supposed to act. How pain was a part of the game. Then he took two more vicious hits at practice the next day, and Cameron realized it was time to tell someone how much he was hurting.
His mother whisked him away to the family doctor, who told Cameron he'd been concussed twice in the past week.
Because of the undeveloped nature of their bodies, youth like Cameron could be at a higher risk for concussions than their professional counterparts, according to medical experts.
But of the estimated 4.5 million children who play organized youth football in the United States, his experiences aren't altogether uncommon. A 2006 study by the National Center for Injury Prevention found that 47 percent of high school football players sustain a concussion each season, and 35 percent of players said they had more than one in the same season.
As concerns regarding head safety in professional football continue to mount, a sea change at the sport's most formative level has taken hold. Thirty-five states, including Maryland and Washington, D.C., have enacted laws that formally strengthen the treatment and prevention of concussions in youth sports.
Cases such as Williams' have opened the eyes of administrators of the game. His league has adopted changes to make sure coaches are trained in first aid, including concussions.
Walter Moyer, Cameron's coach, said the league now screens parents before selecting teams to identify nurses and doctors. Those parents are spread across different teams to ensure medical help is available at every game.
"We only know so much as a coaching staff on what to do with treatment and such, so we need [that] extra help on hand," Moyer said. "The problem comes when the kid is a star kid and he has that desire to get back out there and a coach who may not be as well versed in the injury, and the coach tries to look out for the best interests of the team and the game instead of the kid."
Those worries have spread to parents as well.
"My feeling is that I'm entrusting my child into your care," said Clennie Murphy, a parent of two youth football players in Silver Spring. "You want to have somebody to have the best interests of your child."
While concussions in college football and the NFL have garnered more of the spotlight, medical experts said more focus is needed on injuries at lower levels.
"We know that our youth are at a greater risk for head injuries," said Dr. Robert Cantu, a co-director of the Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy at Boston University and one of the field's foremost critics of collision sports in youth. "I think the risk-reward is just not there."
In February, the NFL announced it was urging all 50 states and the district to pass legislation that could help limit concussions among young football players.
The timing of the league's message was not random. The week before, former Chicago Bears defensive back Dave Duerson fatally shot himself in the heart at age 50 after a prolonged battle with depression stemming from a case of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
CTE, a progressive degenerative brain disease normally associated with repeated blows to the head, had long been linked to boxers. It has now been connected to more than two dozen deceased former professional football players. Last year, an autopsy showed the disease was present in the brain of a 21-year-old University of Pennsylvania football player who hanged himself after having never been diagnosed with a concussion.
"Now that the public is more aware, we have a lot less problems on an individual basis within our own system," said Jon Almquist, the athletic training program administrator for Fairfax County Public Schools. "We used to have to fight tooth and nail and argue with the parents."
The more parents and coaches know, the better, Cantu said. His research at Boston University has shown that despite their small size and low speeds, youth are more at risk for head injuries than their professional idols.
Their vulnerabilities, Cantu explained, stem from their still-growing bodies and brains. With disproportionately large heads and relatively weaker necks, young players offer an easier target than a filled-out adult. The neurons in their growing brains have not been fully protected with myelin, a fatty substance that insulates nerve cells.
The medical ramifications are staggering. Earlier this month, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a report noting that the number of emergency room visits for people under 19 with traumatic brain injuries increased from 153,375 to 248,418, or more than 60 percent, between 2001 and 2009. Experts said that the rise doesn't necessarily correlate to a rise in actual concussions, but rather a rise in awareness of the dangers of head injuries.
The true number of concussions among all sports, experts said, is likely much higher. Trained medical personnel are seldom on-site for youth games, and the recording of injuries is virtually nonexistent.
"What's happening with the school that reports eight [concussions]," Almquist said of high schools, "is that they're probably missing about 20."
Concussions might not even be the real worry, Cantu said. Rather, doctors are concerned about repeated "sub-concussive" blows youth experience from constant hitting in collision sports.
"That's what we're trying to eliminate with these youngsters," said Cantu, who has proposed a ban of all collision sports, including football, for youth under 14. "Not necessarily the concussions, but the thousands upon thousands of sub-concussive blows that they may take before they even get to the age of 14."
Youth sports leagues have been reluctant to do away with football for players under 14. Instead, local sporting bodies such as the Greater Metropolitan Youth Football League have taken more steps to prevent injuries, replacing old helmets with better-fitting, newer ones, and inviting volunteer coaches to receive instruction from doctors.
Progress has also been made in the political arena. Gov. Martin O'Malley signed legislation in May that provides protection for student-athletes suspected of suffering concussions from sports. It stipulates that a licensed health-care professional must clear them before they can return to practice or games.
Other states lag behind. Football-crazed Georgia, for instance, has not passed concussion-related legislation, nor is it currently considering any. In Idaho, the law mandates only that the state board of education develop guidelines and information to educate coaches, athletes and parents about the nature and risk of concussions.
But tougher laws and stronger helmets can only go so far, some critics point out.
"Kids are going to be superstars when they are 18, 20 or 21 based on their genes and their work ethic," Cantu said. "It isn't going to be because they started banging heads at age 5. And banging heads at age 5 might mean that some of them won't get the chance to play when they're 20."
Helmets or not, there may not even be a sure-fire way to prevent head injuries.
"The only way to really prevent a concussion is put a bubble wrap around a kid and not let him do anything," Almquist said. "You don't even have to hit your head to get a concussion. If you want to prevent them, put them in a rubber room."
The other end of the spectrum, as Cameron knows, is not at all pleasant.
After his initial concussion diagnosis, he missed the next three weeks of school, confined to his bed as lingering head pains tormented him.
Cameron longed to return to his place on the gridiron. So after nearly two months of rest and recovery, he strapped on his pads, laced up his cleats and headed to his team's season finale.
Cameron said he remembers some of that game - just not the last play, when another player blasted him from his blindside. The collision was violent, and the referee threw his flag. Williams' brain bruised again.
After his third concussion in a matter of months, Cameron's parents decided they'd seen enough.
"Football is a dangerous sport. It's not played by anyone or watched by anyone who is faint of heart. It's a violent sport. And anytime you've got kids to adults running at each other full speed, people can get hurt," said Cameron's father, Claude Williams.
Cameron's career was officially over, ended not by an ACL tear or a separated shoulder, but by one too many hits to his head.
"If I could [come back]," Williams said softly, "I would."